Precision pharmacology. You led multiple sclerosis clinical program at the major pharmaceutical company. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. So you have very intricate knowledge of challenges in multiple sclerosis medication development process. Dr. Paul M. Matthews, MD. There are enormous costs that often prevent very promising basic research discoveries from making the proverbial leap from bench to bedside. You recently used the term Precision Pharmacology to describe human in vivo molecular imaging with positron emission tomography. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. What is precision pharmacology? How it helps modern multiple sclerosis medication development process? Maybe you can provide an example of precision pharmacology use? Precision pharmacology is a slight reworking of a very fundamental concept of pharmacology. Dr. Paul M. Matthews, MD. This means we need to have a molecule that hits the correct target, at the correct time, and to the correct level, and in the correct patient. Precision pharmacology is satisfying all of these criteria simultaneously. This is the reason for importance of precision pharmacology concept. It is the flipside of precision medicine or personalized medicine.Dr. Paul M. Matthews, MD. It is saying. "Let's think how we use multiple sclerosis medications in the population, as opposed to how we treat individual patients". The concepts of Precision Pharmacology and Precision Medicine are intimately related. But they are slightly different problems. Precision pharmacology is based around having measures that help us understand whether we have engaged the target of medication. Precision pharmacology helps us to understand whether we have engaged the target to the right extent. Dr. Paul M. Matthews, MD. Whether medication is having the impact that we expected it to have on pathology. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. Precision pharmacology helps us to understand whether medication is potentially benefiting that particular patient within a patient group. Precision pharmacology is a part of the early multiple sclerosis medication development process. It helps us gain confidence during the pharmaceutical development path. Dr. Paul M. Matthews, MD. We will know whether a multiple sclerosis medication will have value for patients. When medication is used is in clinical practice. When medication has completed the process of pharmaceutical development and testing. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. This is a reason why precision pharmacology will be important in the future. It is a way of making sure that we do not encounter key problems in multiple sclerosis medication development. It helps to also provide evidence of value of the medication when physicians start to use it. Dr. Paul M. Matthews, MD. Finally, precision pharmacology helps us to guide the personalized therapy or stratified therapy in multiple sclerosis. We can observe the medication’s use by the clinicians. Precision pharmacology helps us to make hypotheses about the patients who will benefit from a medication. We can understand why patients benefit from a particular medication. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. Professor Matthews, thank you very much for this very fascinating conversation about brain imaging. It was useful to discuss multiple sclerosis and the latest trends in development of treatment for multiple sclerosis. Dr. Paul M. Matthews, MD. Thank you for discussing in detail the research use of functional MRI and other sophisticated MRI technologies that you are developing. We really appreciate your time. I'm sure that it will be very interesting for viewers around the world to learn about the latest in brain imaging technologies and multiple sclerosis treatment. Dr. Anton Titov, MD. Thank you very much! Dr. Paul M. Matthews, MD. Thank you, Anton, it is nice speaking with you! Thank you!